Chapter 171： Nations about to disappear

Constantinople

Alexander Menshkov, the Russian representative who lost his face at the negotiating table, was quickly found, but with some unsightly means.

On April 2, 1851, Menshekov visited the Sudan and, with a very domineering tone, ordered the Sudanese government to remove the pro-British and French foreign minister Fouad and to be replaced by the pro-Russian Rifat.

Facts have proven that brutal methods are often the most direct and effective. Under pressure from the Russians, the Sudanese government compromised.

Menshekov told the world in actual action who was the boss in the Near East. Politicians from various countries collectively lose their voices, and everyone will have a headache in the face of an unruly player.

The faced British and French countries will naturally not be reconciled, but in the Near East, their right of speech cannot be compared with the Russians, even lower than Austria.

Without waiting for them to take action, Menshekov submitted a diplomatic note to the Sudanese government, accusing the Sudanese government of unfair treatment of the Orthodox Church, requiring the two countries to sign an agreement, and the Russian government to manage the Orthodox Christians. .

Unfair treatment is unavoidable. In fact, the Sudanese government has relaxed its religious policy in this era in an attempt to eliminate religious contradictions in the country.

Unfortunately, this contradiction has continued since the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. It cannot be solved by a single government decree, and the Russians' intervention has made the situation more chaotic.

... (specific religious issues, omit 10,000 words)

Russian demands have touched the bottom line of the Ottoman Empire. If this condition is agreed, it means that more than a third of the population is left to the Russians.

Britain and France also could not tolerate such an expansion of the sphere of influence of the Russians. At this time, the British realized that war was inevitable.

London

After the negotiations of Constantinople were passed back, the British government was considering how to choose in the subsequent Russian-Turkish war.

Foreign Minister Palmerston thought for a moment and said, "His Prime Minister, if you want to suppress the ambitions of the Russians, it is not enough to win over the French. We must have the support of Austria.

When necessary, we can organize European coalition forces to work together to curb the Russian ambitions. "

John Russell shook his head and said, "Mr. Palmerston, the question of organizing coalition forces is on hold. We all know that things are not so simple.

On the issue of Russia, European countries have different attitudes, and many countries have no real pain. It is almost impossible for them to work together to combat the Russians.

Let's talk about how to draw Austria together. If we can pull them together and join forces of the Three Kingdoms, we can suppress the Russians in the Near East. "

Palmerston analyzed: "The intelligence returned from Constantinople shows that the Russians and Austria have reached a compromise. The specific conditions are not yet clear.

Now that the Russians have recognized Austria's sphere of influence in the Balkans, in return, Austria also supports the Russians' ambitions for the Ottoman Empire.

This compromise does not mean that the contradictions between the two countries on the Balkan issue no longer exist, but is temporarily suppressed by common interests.

With Russian appetite, even if the two countries reach an agreement, they will eventually break up because of conflicts of interest. These issues cannot be ignored by the Austrian government.

The old fox of Metternich will stand by the Russians this time, which also marks a change in the national policy of the Austrian government.

It seems that the collapse of the Vienna system has dealt a heavy blow to the Austrians, and now they are no longer trying to balance Europe. In this regard, we have lost an ally in continental policy.

As a neighbor with the Russians, keep awake at all times, and taking a nap can mean danger. The Austrian government is now preparing for disaster.

Dividing up the Balkans is just superficial. It is more the Austrian government that feels threatened and is unwilling to continue to bear the responsibility of blocking the Russians.

Wanting to hold the Russians by provoking the Russian-Turkish war and gain time for domestic development, the expansion in the Balkans was only incidental. "

At this time, the London government had regretted the collapse of the Vienna system. After the collapse of the Vienna system, they could indeed get rid of restrictions and intervene in European affairs, but the results were not ideal.

From supporting the Kingdom of Sardinia to the present crisis in the Near East, the London government has achieved almost no decent results in diplomacy.

The situation in Europe is now more complicated and involves a lot of energy. On the contrary, in the era of the Vienna system, the European continent is balanced and stable, and they can rest assured to expand their forces abroad.

In this respect, the Vienna system also achieved the supremacy of the British Empire.

The Minister of State asked in doubt: "Mr. Palmerston, according to your judgment, is it impossible for us to win Austria?"

The Austrian empire has always been on the front line of resistance against Russia. The two countries have not become enemies.

Such confrontation is obviously not conducive to the development and growth of Austria. The government ’s energy is exhausted by its neighbors. Where can it develop itself?

Before the collapse of the Vienna system, the Austrian government had asked the British for help and asked the London government to pay for the system, which was rejected by the government at the time.

The British suggestion was to let the Austrian government carry out social reforms, and after the social reforms were completed, they would have money.

Facts have proven that after the completion of social reforms, fiscal distress can indeed be reversed. But the current Austrian government is no longer interested in the Vienna system.

I worked hard for European balance by myself, but the biggest beneficiaries under the system were making a lot of money on the side, and no one would rest in their hearts.

Palmerston thought for a while and replied, "It depends on the Russians. If they can threaten the Austrian government, then we can bring Austria over."

The same is true in history. Austria's defeat was not because of the temptation of British and French interests, nor the conflict of interests in the Russian Danube Basin. The most important thing was that it felt the threat.

For their own strategic security, it is normal to betray their allies. Even if Franz was changed, when the Russian showed too much strength to threaten Austria, he would also choose to jump back.

The same is true of the Russians. If Austria is too strong to threaten them, it will become an enemy.

...

Since the passage of the military expansion bill, Austria has set off a wave of military participation. The allure of land is huge, especially since the heroes of the last war have taken the land as an example.

The last time the soldiers joined the army, they had better luck. They had to go downwind from beginning to end. They could not understand the cruel nature of the war. Even if it is cruel, it is for the enemy.

This time the expansion of military preparations, he almost said that he would fight the Ottoman Empire. If it was two hundred years ago to attack the Ottoman Empire, everyone's first reaction was definitely fear. Now everyone has victory in their eyes.

Who made the Ottoman Empire decline? Can Austria and Russia join forces to win Ottoman?

The risks are small, and the returns are generous, which naturally makes people rush.

Not to mention ordinary people, even the nobles are trying their best to enter the army to serve, and the war is doomed to victory.

This kind of opportunity is not easy to meet. I missed this opportunity and I do n’t know when the next foreign war will be.

In front of the enlistment point, a long line has been lined up. The idea of ​​"giving fame but taking it right away" is very popular in continental Europe.

In this era, if you want to get ahead, it is the best shortcut to make military achievements on the battlefield. Especially for the people at the bottom, this is almost their only way to a high society.

In the last war, many reserve officers and soldiers also shined. To many people, even if they can't enter the regular army, entering the reserve is a good choice.

Austria's military status is very high. Even reserve soldiers are respected.

A young officer looked at the long line and sighed, "There are a lot of people coming today. It seems that our standard of recruitment is still possible."

A middle-aged officer next to him gave him a dissatisfied glance, and said, "Welston, you have a lot of emotions out there, and you just organized a test for me.

Remember that this time the Austrian language will be given priority admission, so that after the army is over, I still have to train them. "

"Yes, Major!" Wellston replied immediately.

Austria has not issued a clear language exclusion bill, but the government, the military, companies, and other institutions, everyone tacitly accepts the priority to be able to use the Austrian language.

In folk sayings: "Your connection is not in the language, do you want me to assign you an interpreter?"

This is the most realistic problem. The language is not communicated and communication is unchanged. After the birth society, finding a job becomes the first problem.

Even nationalists have to accept this social reality. It ’s hard to find a job without learning Austrian.

Want to take care of yourself? Sorry, the employment agency in Austria has the right to freely choose the required talents, and the government must not interfere at will.

After three years of promotion, although the Austrian language has not achieved universal popularity, most people in the city have mastered the common language.

This scene can now be seen in many parts of Austria. In order to do this, the Austrian government also paid a lot of money.

Especially when the promotion was just launched, it was also resisted by many nationalist elements. Unfortunately, they were out of luck and happened to catch up with the Great Revolution, and the troublemakers were harmonized.

What makes them most angry is that after the Austrian government reversed measures, not only did it not arouse public anger, but the situation in the country quickly improved.

Up to now, all schools in Austria are dominated by Austrian, and other languages ​​are treated like foreign languages. They are elective courses and are paid elective courses.

People are realistic. They do n’t take the entrance examinations, they do n’t need to find a job, they have to pay extra money for study, and slowly everyone pays no attention. The keywords of nationality and independence have also faded out in everyone's lives.

Not long ago, Franz also ordered the ban on all non-Austrian books and newspapers in the country.

Many people think that this will cause social unrest, but the reality is very humiliating. Except for some experts and scholars sipping, ordinary people simply don't care.

Nationalism also needs propaganda. It has cut off the propaganda channels. Who knows what this is?

Under the suppression of the government, it quickly became an underground thought. If you want to spread, it depends on the actual situation. Since the reform of the education system, young students have stopped playing with them.

Without the second squad, the combat effectiveness of these people was greatly reduced. Stand up against the government? If you dare to do this, you have already gone in. Where can I get a chance to go now?

Fikvena, a Hungarian writer and one of the representatives of Hungarian nationalism.

It is just that he belongs to the moderates and opposes all violent revolutions. He has not followed Kosut's independence, and has even published articles repeatedly criticizing the atrocities of the Revolutionary Party.

This kind of non-threatening existence is naturally not washed away. He is very sad lately, even more so when the Kingdom of Hungary was divided.

For a nationalist, Hungary is acceptable without him, because he does not exclude being an Austrian, but without Hungarian national language and writing, he can't help it.

Not long ago, the host of the Hungarian Forward newspaper was suspended. Although this influential small newspaper has sold less than a thousand copies per issue, this is also the cause for which he is striving.

What makes it even more difficult for him to accept is that the Hungarian Ethnic School, established by Earl of Estefan Szechenyi, also includes Hungarian as a paid elective course, which is no longer the language of instruction.

Now that he is going to fight with the school leaders, he can't let the count's efforts drain, and at this moment he hates the revolutionary party headed by Kosut very much.

If it was not for the rebellion of 1848, the Kingdom of Hungary would still be the Kingdom of Hungary. Under the leadership of Count Eastvan Szechenyi, they could also carry out social reforms and build an ideal Hungarian society.

There is no such thing as history. After losing their leaders, their group of Hungarian reformers has become a loose sand, and many people have been compiled by the Austrian government.

If nothing else, Fickavenna will accept the goodwill of the Austrian government soon, and now he wants to work hard for his dream.

"Headmaster Engels, why do you want to cancel Hungarian?" Fikvena asked.

Mr. Engels explained: "Mr. Fikvena, you should know that since the establishment of the Hungarian National School, it has been maintained by external donations. We only charge a small amount of tuition.

In the past two years, the donations we have received have been greatly reduced, and the school's funding has been in trouble. Since one year ago, the salaries of teaching staff have not been paid on time.

In order for the school to survive, we have to accept education funding from the Austrian government.

According to the provisions of the Austrian Ministry of Education: In schools that receive government funding, Austrian language is the only specialized language for primary and secondary education. "

In this way, Engels has spoken to many people. The actual situation of the school is worse than what he said.

Learning one more language will undoubtedly take up a lot of study time and affect the performance of other homework. Many parents propose to the school to cancel Hungarian.

Don't talk so much about them, they only care about the entrance examination. The probability of going to college in this era is inherently low. For the future of the next generation, many people can no longer care so much.

"Is there no other way?" Fickavenna asked with a frown.

Engels sighed and said, "Mr. Fikvena, his arms are not over his thighs. After the events of 1848, the Austrian government was very vigilant against nationalism. In the fields of culture and education, comprehensively promote integrated education.

This is a national policy formulated by the government. Unless they can be trusted again, this suppression will not end. You know this is impossible. "

Rebellion, revolution? They are no strangers to these things, but this is not their strength. Everyone has a family, who is willing to take risks?

Moreover, unlike today, the domestic economy is growing rapidly and the social order is stable. The people have no incentive to revolution.

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