Chapter 97： 0 The beginning of the exercise

What is martensite, pearlite, and ferrite? Clavasson has no metallographic concepts yet.

In fact, before the microscope could directly see the metallography of metals, blacksmiths from all over the world were doing things with their own experience. In the long-term smelting and processing, they slowly concluded that quenching, tempering and annealing can be performed under existing conditions. Realized heat treatment technology, and after these measures, the nature of ironware has undergone major changes.

Perhaps the birth of smelting carburized steel was the result of a craftsman’s unexpectedly burning red iron ingots.

For example, the owner of an iron farm tool hopes that the blacksmith will renovate his farm tool or shape it into a more suitable shape.

The blacksmith is just lazy and saves time, so he burns the iron farm tools red with the most common charcoal stove, then begins to forge them into the shape the customer needs, and then quenches them in cold water and delivers them for use. The laziness of the blacksmith is precisely a kind of steelmaking process.

An ordinary family in this time and space, their survival is almost farming and growing food. Iron and bronze are better to use. Although ironware is not a price that is unacceptable to a family, it is still a precious treasure, and it is to be passed on from generation to generation. .

The repair process is also a secondary heating process. Because it is low-temperature heating, charcoal is the most cost-effective fuel that people can get in this time and space. Incomplete combustion heats the wrought iron to a maximum of 700, often only 500. At this temperature, a large amount of carbon monoxide sound is dissipated with the hot wind, and a large number of carbon molecules penetrate into the carbon-free wrought iron.

Carbon infiltrates in every scorching burn. As long as enough infiltrates, the iron mound becomes low-carbon steel. If the blacksmith worked tirelessly to continue repeating it, even a hundred times, the iron mound would gradually become high-carbon steel. If it continues, it will turn into bad pig iron because of too much carbon.

This large-scale man-made carburizing of iron smelting began in the country during the Spring and Autumn Period.

On the other hand, in Greece and Rome in the same period, although ironware has been used, since the fall of Western Rome, the blacksmiths in Western Europe have not developed a sounder block iron-making artificial carburizing technology by themselves. Instead, they have to import large-scale imports from the North under the control of the Parthian Empire Steel knives in India.

Otto’s destroyer originated from the Indus Valley.

The patterns on the sword **** are actually derived from some trace elements, rather than complicated forging techniques. Although the level of steel sword making by the locals is indeed high, the process is complicated and takes a long time.

The locals use local ores for smelting, but all swords made from local ores will have beautiful patterns. However, after more than two thousand years, they could no longer make swords with patterns, and the era has entered the industrial age. The local special iron ore was mined, and the technology for making pattern steel was immediately lost.

But mankind has already made it clear that large-scale steelmaking is possible. After the ancients struggled to make a steel sword, later generations could make thousands of tons of pure molten iron.

Regulating the carbon content of molten iron is a systematic science, and the technology of later generations almost all come from the chemical exhibition that brought technological leaps. If there is any descendant to inherit from the predecessors, it will be the blast furnace.

In Europe, before they learned the national blast furnace technology, they had always been half-person-height rammed-earth stoves. At most, a few blacksmiths built the stove to one person's height.

Here at Clavasson, he finally waited for the iron bar to cool down for the first time.

During this slow and natural cooling time, Rurik's spirit relaxed and quickly became drowsy. He really curled up on the ground, like a golden kitten, asleep wrapped in a piece of animal skin.

Seeing that Rurik had rested, and felt that the ironed room was definitely not a good place to sleep, Clavasson urged his son Kawei: "We will do it again as he asks. Don't be afraid to wake him up, let's start."

The smithy got up again, and Rurik fell asleep in a daze, until he suddenly felt sleepy and hugged.

"Child, you are awake." Kravasson asked kindly.

"Well...Where are you holding me?"

"Go to the long house where I stayed, don't worry, it's really too late now. We will continue to beat when we are all awake, which will definitely satisfy you."

"Well, that iron..."

"I beat it again, and the stove has gone out. I didn't quench the iron bar directly. Just put it in the room and let him cool freely."

Hearing this, Rurik was very satisfied.

He was placed on warmer animal skins and saw the lighted oil lamp again. In the dim light, Rurik saw the figure of an old woman and Lumia's peaceful sleeping face.

It's really interesting. Clavasson's elderly wife obviously doesn't mind Lumia's special status as the daughter of a deer breeder. The two are just like elderly mothers and daughters. Maybe Clavasson's wife wanted to have a daughter? Who knows?

Rurik felt that he was well taken care of by the blacksmith. He spent the night in the blacksmith's establishment. Everyone lay in the sleeping nests made of animal skins, and said naturally without warmth.

Now that he has awakened, Lurik muttered quietly: "Tomorrow you...you do as I said. By the way, what about the scum in the furnace? Just throw it away?"

"The **** must be thrown away, and the ashes." Cravason said dismissively.

"No! Throw away the slag, leaving behind the ashes of the charcoal fire."

"Huh? They are important?"

"Of course, this way..." Rurik suddenly hesitated. He estimated that it would take a lot of talk to tell the blacksmith now that carburizing, so he didn't want to say more. "Just do as I want, and you will continue to strike tomorrow. Remember, you must not quench it in cold water."

"I know, hey, it's called tempering, which is to let it be blown as cold as ice by the cold wind."

"That's it." Rurik smiled every day: "Tomorrow, please ask Brother Kawei to send me to the long house of the priest first."

Kawei, he is very happy to call his elder brother, does this mean that the future leader will value him? "Go to the long house of the priest? Is it important?"

"Of course! I want to look at the soap. I think you want to buy a bar of soap too! In addition to soap, I have to get some seal oil."

"Oil lamp?" Cavy asked of course.

"Of course not! From tomorrow we must start to use grease for quenching, and use seal oil to cool the hot iron bars, not ice water."

"This..." Cavy was puzzled, and Kravasson's situation was even worse.

Quenching with grease, not to mention it is incredible, is this kind of behavior is a huge luxury, because quenching always requires a wooden barrel full of grease!

Rurik didn’t want to explain more, he said bluntly: “Do as I say, and remember all my requirements. When you build a good sword for me that can cut off ordinary iron swords, you will know that now It’s worth the effort. At that time, I will tell you the real secret of Fertilizer for a long time. Remember, that’s the real Odin’s wisdom, and now you just practice your wisdom at my request.”

So far Rurik didn't say anything, Kravasson and Kawei were excited for a long time and could not rest. Cooling the red sword embryo with grease is really weird.

A new day is another busy beginning.

As agreed, Kawi sent Rurik to the door of the long house of the priest.

"Ruriek, go in by yourself."

"Huh? You don't want to come in?"

Inadvertently Kawei revealed his unspeakable concealment, "I...maybe I shouldn't go to Odin's realm."

His words were a little bit crooked, and Rurik thought about it carefully, probably because Kawei claimed to be Thor's servant.

"Then wait, I'll come as soon as I go."

After all, Rurik's small body got in.

His sudden appearance was unobtrusive. As expected, the priests continued to make various measures to make soap.

The elderly Veria spends most of the day in cultivating and meditation, and does not want any effort to destroy his weaker body.

She also felt the more and more the heir Bona's business. The next high priest is not so religious to the gods, but is more concerned about silver coins.

But the daily life of the priesthood is very dependent on Bona.

The priests rested for a day, and Bona realized that everyone's sore arms had recovered, and they began to boil the oil for the cheaply bought white seal meat.

They even ate some raw fat of seals directly as a different kind of food.

"It's Rurik, I heard that you went to the blacksmith. Where's Lumia? She didn't come. Without her, I can only ask others to graze."

Rurik nodded: "I will send her back tomorrow. I have done something for her, so don't embarrass her when you graze. I am here to ask you for some grease."

"Grease? Don't you want soap?" Bona looked good.

"I'm going to bring some grease to the blacksmith's shop. It has nothing to do with soap. You don't need to ask more about this."

"Well, I hope it's not a trouble."

Bona didn't think much about it, because now there was just cooked fat, although there was still a lot of unfiltered residue in it.

Rurik took another piece of soap that had been toasted to dryness and stuffed it into his leather coat. He didn't say much, he directly handed Bona a silver coin and shut her up completely.

He personally struggled to walk out of the long house carrying the wooden barrel full of warm grease, it was really a hurry to come and go.

Because he does not consume too much time.

He went out and directly instructed Kawei, who didn't want to stay for a long time,: "You carry the wooden barrel and we will use grease instead of ice water for quenching when we go back."

"Huh?" Kawei made sure that he heard it right, "Grease? You questioned doing this, I'm fine. Doesn't it burn?"

"No, don't ask too much. When we get to the smithy, we will use it immediately." As he said, Rurik took out the soap: "This is specially sold to you by the priest, or two silver coins for your father to give I."

"Ok."

It was actually this time that Kawei came into contact with soap. This thing has a greasy texture but is not sticky at all. It is the strangest thing I have ever seen.

Kawei didn't worry that the grease in the wooden barrel would be spilled. Because of the cold outdoors, when the two returned to the blacksmith's shop, the barrel of seal oil had become a big white solid lump.

From this day on, due to the addition of fats and oils, it can be said that the manufacture of block-refined low-carbon steel can finally officially begin.

The cooled furnace was ignited again, and unlike yesterday, Rurik did not ask Kawei to work hard to operate the blower. The blower still needs to be used, it only plays a role in regulating the combustion intensity.

Yesterday's **** in the furnace was cleaned up, and Kravasson collected the plant ash in accordance with Rurik's request.

A dark red flame came out from the stove, and the top of the stove burst out with less yellow flames.

The two blacksmiths understood that such flames can only burn the ore red, but cannot separate the **** waste from the iron at all.

But this was Rurik's request.

The iron mound was knocked into an iron bar yesterday, and its whole body was smeared with a layer of solidified seal oil and covered with a layer of "clothes" made of ash and charcoal debris.

Cravason and Kawei had to follow suit, and doubts were naturally there.

"Is this the key? Maybe we should be like this yesterday." Cravason asked puzzledly.

"But yesterday we didn't have grease. Go ahead and put the iron rod in the carbon pile now and let it smolder for a while."

It is not right to just take it out and beat it just after it is red. Only by increasing the contact area between the wrought iron and the insufficiently burned carbon fire will a large amount of carbon atoms penetrate into it.

As for the application of grease and plant ash and carbon powder, another purpose is involved.

Plant ash contains potassium nitrate, nitrate contains nitrogen, and the presence of nitrogen is of great significance for the careful introduction of carbon. Grease is not just for sticking to plant ash, oil itself contains a lot of carbon and a small amount of nitrogen.

Carbon-containing and nitrogen-containing substances can adhere to the wrought iron at zero distance and are processed by a low-temperature smoldering heat treatment method. The carbon will penetrate the surface of the iron bar more efficiently.

The smoldering lasted for a while, but because there was no such thing as an hourglass, Rurik had to think of a trick temporarily.

Cravason didn't mind digging a hole in one of his wooden barrels, because with the money given by the owner of Rick, he could order hundreds of oak barrels from the tribe's shipbuilder. The barrel is not worth money, but the "water flow timer" made by Rurik made him feel necessary.

A hole was drilled in the keg at the bottom of the bucket, and Kravasson poured half of the melted snow water.

When the water ran out, the iron bar burned to dark red was taken out.

The forging has begun!

It was the same routine as yesterday, bending and folding, desperately smashing into an iron mound and then smashing into a long strip again. Rurik temporarily set a cycle for it, that is, twice per fold.

"Okay, stop! The iron bar is already cooler, now put it in the grease."

Cavus didn’t blame it at first, but it was Kravasson: “It must be quenched with grease? Is it really necessary?”

"Just do what he says." Cavy urged his father.

"Well, since you insist."

The temperature of the iron bar has naturally cooled to less than three hundred degrees, and its metallurgy is changing. Iron at this temperature cannot cause fat burning, and it still burns the oil in contact with it in the grease bucket.

Oil quenching is more gentle, and now Rurik needs this gentleness. Only in this way, the hard power of iron will not become extreme due to the rapid cooling, and the carbon that enters carefully can better penetrate into the deep layer, so as to make the overall carburization uniform.

The iron bar was taken out, and it became a black bar with greasy substance attached.

Rurik said: "Now follow the initial steps, wrap it with charcoal and ashes, and continue to smoulder. Remember, the barrel is filled with water, and the iron bar is taken out after the water leaks. Please repeat it ten times today. "

"Huh? So many times? So complicated?" Cravason exclaimed incredulously.

"Today is just the beginning." Lurik said without changing his face: "This is Odin's wisdom, so that we can build the hardest sword and easily cut off other people's ordinary iron swords. Don't think I have given enough money? You continue to work, there are four days of work in the future, UU reading , you must repeat it fifty times from today."

What can I say? It's too stupid to annoy the owner. And Clavasson also wanted to get the legendary sword to arm himself and his son. As long as he succeeds once, Kravasson is confident that he can replicate the successful experience. Think about it, a sword that cuts iron like mud, and believes in the strength that I have put in it. Generally, an iron sword costs three silver coins in front and back, and a treasure sword also costs at least 30 silver coins. Would a wealthy warrior give up a magic sword with thirty silver coins?

This is how the veneration of the wealthy future made the two blacksmiths quickly set their minds and devoted themselves to the hardest work.

They began to sweat like rain, and Rurik took Lumia as a spectator.

Hundred Steelmaking, this is Hundred Steelmaking, and it is the second use of hundred steelmaking technology in the Nordic world to make block-smelted low-carbon steel. But with the crazy means of implementing carbon and nitrogen co-infiltration techniques, and the high-intensity work of the "Fifty Refining", is it still low-carbon steel?

I am afraid it is already carbon steel.

The blade is made of carbon steel that takes into account flexibility and hardness. After several times of covering and burning the blade and oil quenching, the blade becomes a harder high-carbon steel, and the wrought iron is cut off, for sure! 8}14