Chapter 2088： British 2 nursery system

"The rise of the emperor (!

In fact, because it is too far to the north, the agricultural conditions in the St. Petersburg area are very bad. In later generations, agriculture in Leningrad Region was mainly based on breeding, producing dairy products, meat, eggs and so on. As for the planting industry, potatoes and vegetables are mainly grown.

Among them, vegetables must be mainly greenhouse vegetables. As for potatoes, although they are very suitable for cold-temperate zones, Marin certainly doesn't want to use this kind of nuclear weapons.

What happens with potatoes? Irish people have potatoes, from 1.9 million people in 1700, rapidly skyrocketing to 8 million before the Great Famine in 1845!

In the 18th century, poverty was like Prussia. It also relied on Frederick the Great to force the promotion of potatoes, which made Prussia, a poor ghost, survive wars. Later, this trick was generally learned by Europeans, and Tsarist Russia also came to this one, and soon the population continued to grow until it exceeded 100 million. Therefore, during the First World War, Tsarist Russia was able to mobilize 15 million troops.

For this reason, Marin is not willing to introduce potatoes to Europe anyway. But in the St. Petersburg area, it is too unsuitable for growing cereals. Rye and oats, if normal, can grow there. However, it is currently at the front end of the Little Ice Age. The latitude of St. Petersburg is so high that it is almost close to the Arctic Circle. It is really not suitable for growing cereals.

But Ryazan can't be completely transformed into a country of animal husbandry, right? Grand Duke Ryazan is happy, but Ryazan farmers are not happy either. After all, it is difficult to adapt to the lives of livestock farmers if they are used to eating grains.

"What should they grow?"

Marin spread out the map and carefully looked at the location of St. Petersburg. This guy, the latitude of St. Petersburg is as high as 60 degrees north latitude, which is much more north than Mohe’s 53 degrees and 27 minutes.

In addition, St. Petersburg has another disadvantage-due to the influence of the warm North Atlantic current, its winter is a bit warmer than Moscow (but it is useless, because it is all below freezing, it is useless for agriculture), but summer is also cooler than Moscow. point. Moscow can even have a high temperature of a few degrees in the top 30 in summer, while the maximum temperature in St. Petersburg rarely exceeds 30 degrees in summer due to the influence of the ocean.

From the perspective of human comfort, St. Petersburg must be very comfortable in summer. However, from an agricultural perspective, this is not good. Because crops such as wheat require higher temperatures during the grain-filling period. And because of the low latitude, winter wheat in St. Petersburg has to freeze to death in winter, and spring plowing takes place in May. But because the temperature has been low, by the time the summer is close to 30 degrees, the wheat has not yet grown, and it has not yet reached the time for the grain filling. When the filling is finished, um, it has entered the low temperature period again, and soon it will snow... Therefore, it is not suitable for growing wheat here.

Moreover, there are no fast-maturing wheat varieties in this era, and wheat is generally mature. In addition, there is no fertilizer that promotes early maturity, such as phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, and it can't grow at all.

Rye is also the problem, it is difficult to survive the winter at such a high latitude. Although rye is hardy, it is resistant to the small cold in northern Germany, not the super cold winter in St. Petersburg. Moreover, the total accumulated temperature of rye is quite high, reaching more than 2100 degrees. After all, only oats with a short growth cycle and low accumulated temperature (1350-1600 degrees) are suitable.

However, the yield per mu of oats is relatively low. Even in later generations, with the use of new varieties and costs, the yield per mu is only 200 kilograms, which is 400 kilograms. The varieties used by Beihai Country of this age, even if the three fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are complete, the yield per mu does not exceed 300 pounds, generally more than 200 pounds. Unlike rye, it can exceed 500 pounds with fertilizer.

It’s even worse if you don’t use fertilizer. The yield per mu is only about 100 pounds, or even less than 100 pounds. And rye, even without fertilizer, as long as the land itself is fertile, it can still produce more than 100 pounds per mu.

Of course, the St. Petersburg area is not the black soil of Ukraine, it is not a natural fertile soil, and the agricultural conditions are not very good. If the Ryazan people are allowed to grow oats without providing fertilizer, it would be difficult for them to produce more than 100 pounds per mu.

And it is impossible for Marin to provide fertilizer to Ryazan, because there is still a shortage of supply in Beihai Country. How can I supply Ryazan?

However, Marin thought of a good way for them-the second nursery system! Of course, it is an improved two-bed system!

Europe has long had the two-bed system of alternate farming, but it is not scientific. The second nursery system of ancient Europeans only allowed the land to be cultivated a year and abandoned. When throwing away wasteland, let the weeds grow and leave it alone.

This is of course able to use the corpses of the weeds to restore a little bit of ground strength, but it is very leisurely. Why? Because the weeds are not fertile enough!

If you want to restore soil fertility, without fertilizer, the best way is to plant legume crops. Leguminous crops can absorb nitrogen in the air and convert it into organic nitrogen. This function is called nitrogen fixation.

If it grows as a common weed when it is thrown away, it is difficult to restore soil fertility without fertilization. But if it is long legume crops, the soil fertility will recover faster. In the second year, the harvest of this kind of grain will be much better.

In addition, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the British developed a very powerful second-nurturing system-planting alfalfa on fallow land, and then herding sheep...

Alfalfa is originally a leguminous crop, which has the effect of fixing nitrogen and can fertilize the soil. After the sheep had eaten alfalfa, they lay down the sheep's dung eggs on the ground, which was also fertilizer. Under the double action, the ground strength recovers extremely quickly.

Of course, the British at the time didn't understand this principle, but found that it worked well by accident. After all, it is a traditional project for the British to raise sheep. The effect of raising sheep with alfalfa is good, which is also unintentional.

Because of planting alfalfa to raise sheep during fallow, the British's wheat yield in the 19th century exceeded 200 pounds, reaching about two hundred thirty and forty pounds. This effect is basically the same as that of ancient China using manure.

But only nitrogen fertilizer is useless. Nitrogen fertilizer can only ensure that the plants grow vigorously, but the effect on the results is not as good as phosphate fertilizer.

Phosphate fertilizer has the effect of accelerating early maturity of grains, can shorten the growth period, and can increase the yield rate and promote the fullness of grains, which is the fertilizer variety that can increase the yield of grains the most.

Of course, if nitrogen fertilizer is sufficient, the plant will grow well, and the impact on grain yield will not be small. No, the yield per mu without manure is only about 100 jin or even insufficient. But with manure, it can reach more than 200, which is double the amount.

Of course, this is for ordinary wheat, and the upper limit for rye and wheat is quite high. The upper limit of oats is lower, and the yield of later varieties is only 200 kilograms per mu. In this era, even with the use of the advanced two-bed system of later British people, it is estimated that the yield per mu has increased from tens of pounds to more than 100 pounds.

However, for people of this age, it is enough. Moreover, there is no shortage of land in the St. Petersburg area. If the yield per mu is not enough, the area of ​​the land will come together.

Moreover, this "British two-bed system" of planting alfalfa and raising sheep can also allow Ryazan people to produce a large amount of oats while also producing a large amount of wool and mutton, which can be described as multiple birds with one stone.

Of course, because it is a severely cold region, it must be a cold-tolerant coarse-wool sheep, and fine-wool sheep may not be able to withstand the cold. But this is not a problem, after all, Marin is not Leifeng, not to help Ryazan strong. He just hoped that after Ryazan moved to the St. Petersburg area, it would become an obstacle to the expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Even Marin hoped that Ryazan would also occupy the coast of the Arctic Ocean, so that the Grand Duchy of Moscow would lose its access to the Arctic Ocean.

Marin taught the Ryazan "British two-bed system", which is worthy of them. After all, this new type of secondary nursery system can not only increase the output of oats, but also get a lot of wool and mutton, as well as sheepskin and other products, which is definitely profitable.

According to the news of his cousin Peter, the area of ​​St. Petersburg is currently sparsely populated and belongs to a borderline area. The Ryazan people used to have land that could be cultivated. You know, the Grand Duchy of Ryazan used to be very large, but after being annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, only the area of ​​the later Ryazan Oblast is left, not even 40,000 square kilometers. Coming to the St. Petersburg area, there are at least seven to eighty thousand square kilometers, enough for them.

In addition, it occupies the St. Petersburg area and can also annex the later Republic of Karelia to the north. Although this land is not suitable for agriculture, it can be used for animal husbandry. Even if sheep can’t be raised, can’t they still raise reindeer?

As for the Murmansk region further north, it seems that Marin had been occupied by the Lapps a long time ago. Almost forgot, Marin was still the great chief of the Rapp. Marin suddenly felt—it’s time to send someone to manage the Lapp people along the Arctic Ocean...

…

In fact, UU reading Marin also knows a kind of grain that is very suitable for the St. Petersburg area, and that is the main grain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—highland barley. Highland barley has lower temperature requirements, and the accumulated temperature is only 1,300 degrees, which is lower than that of oats. Moreover, it can also bloom and bear fruit at low temperatures, and the growth period is only 100 to 130 days, which is very suitable for the St. Petersburg area. Moreover, the yield per mu is much higher than that of oats.

But Marin is unwilling to do this for the Ryazan people, because this is the same big killer as the potato. If the Muscovites also got the highland barley seeds and planted them on their vast land, the rapid rise would not be a problem at all.

Therefore, Ma Lin would rather let the Ryazan people plant low-yield oats, rather than provide them with better barley. For nothing else, just for fear that the Grand Duchy of Moscow will get seeds...

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