Chapter 2010： Once again show "money capabilities"

In fact, in addition to the main accident of playing French silver coins, Marin has been eyeing the Italian currency. However, this time, instead of casting fake Italian silver coins, he intended to copy Italian copper coins.

Yes, in this era, the Italian region has begun to circulate copper coins. In the Middle Ages, European countries seemed to abolish the copper coins that had been in circulation in the Roman era, and instead use only gold and silver coins, and then make the silver coins smaller and smaller. At the same time, copper content has been rising and silver content has been declining.

But anyway, silver coins are silver coins. Although the silver coins of many Italian states are now less than 25% silver, they are still silver coins. Even if the copper price is so expensive, the silver-copper price ratio is still 1:15. Therefore, even the smallest silver coin, the denomination is still too large.

In addition, the Italian aristocrat who is very business-minded is also very unruly. Before, it was said that the small silver content of Italian Dnier's silver coins was less than 25%. In some Italian states, the silver content of the Dnier silver coin is even less than 5%, and the lowest can be as low as 2%. It is almost impossible to see the silver coin. After all, copper accounts for 98% of the total, it looks like a copper coin, at most a bit white.

Therefore, the Venetian thought-anyway, silver coins are almost the same as copper coins. Simply, let's cast copper coins directly?

They didn't cast copper coins by themselves, but they used antique Roman and Byzantine coins to cast copper coins. The first coin to be minted was called Bagattini coin (the plural of bagattini, bagattino). It was cast in about 1472 to test water and weighed about 1.5 grams. To about 1.74 grams). Later, more than 6 grams of Sudi copper coins (soldi, plural form of Soldo) were launched, weighing about the same as the one-dollar coins of later generations. Then, the Sudi copper coin became a small standard currency of the Venetian standard, as a measure of price. Bagattini is actually regarded as 1 in 4 Sudi.

According to the laws of the Republic of Venice, 1 Lira = 20 Sudi, and 1 Ducat = 6 Lira 4 Sudi, which is 1 Ducat = 124 Sudi. And 1 Ducat = 60 standard Finney, that is to say, 1 standard Finney = 2 multi-point Sudi copper coins.

In the same period, the Spanish Malawi copper coin, the Spanish official stipulated 1 Ducat = 375 Malawi. In other words, 1 Sudi = 3 Malawi. Sudi's coin weight is about 6 grams, which is similar to a 1 yuan coin, while Malawidi weighs about 2 grams.

However, although the first coined in Venice was the Bagattini copper coin, but later it was more willing to make the Sudi copper coin. Why? The difficulty of coining is different!

Copper is different from gold and silver, it is more stable and stable at room temperature. Therefore, it is more difficult to create words and become coins. For copper coins, the smaller the harder to build. The Sudi copper coin, because it is 4 times larger, is easier to build.

In other words, although the Bagattini copper coin is smaller and has a lower value, it is more difficult to create and more expensive to manufacture. Therefore, the Venetians are more willing to mint larger Sudi copper coins. At the same time, the Sudi copper coin is also regarded as the most basic unit of currency measurement. The smaller Bagattini copper coin is only used as a supplementary coin of the Sudi coin. Or, simply call quarter Sudi.

Currently in Venice, an apprentice of a shipyard has a daily salary of 6 copper coins. The skilled veteran craftsman is paid 24 copper coins a day. The copper coins here refer to Sudi coins. And 2 Sudi = 1 Finney. Therefore, the daily salary of an apprentice at the Venice Shipyard is 3 Finney. The veteran shipbuilding craftsman, the daily salary is as high as 12 Finney, which is 1 shilling.

Of course, this is Venice, the richest nation in Europe. The shipbuilding industry is the core industry of the Republic of Venice, and the wages of craftsmen are indeed high. In other European countries, it is generally not so high. Like in England, a daily salary of 1 shilling is definitely a very high salary. Even after nearly three hundred years of the North American War of Independence, which had already experienced a "price revolution", the British hired Hessen mercenaries to suppress the North American militia, and the bid was only 1 shilling per day. Therefore, Marin can dig old John from England with a high salary of 1 shilling a day to help him cast the Hongyi Cannon.

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In fact, it is very chicken thief to cast copper coins in the Republic of Venice. In fact, 6 grams of multiple Sudi copper coins do not bring much convenience to people's transactions. After all, a Sudi copper coin, worth half a Finney, has very limited convenience for trading. Instead, it is difficult to create the Bagattini copper coins, which greatly facilitates people's transactions. After all, a Bagattini copper coin is only equivalent to one-eighth of a Finney, which is very suitable for receiving money, and is worth the same as the North Sea brass coin.

It's just that the copper coins of Sudi and Bagattini in Venice are made of red copper, while the copper coins of the North Sea country are made of brass.

Red copper is very pure copper. The Venetians cast copper coins with little profit. But why are they keen to make copper coins? This is why the Venetian chicken thief is mentioned above ...

It turned out that the Venetians and Asia trade frequently, and they can also reach India through intermediaries. Like Marin, the Venetians were able to purchase very cheap Indian copper. The silver-copper price ratio in India is currently around 1 to 80, while the silver-copper price ratio in Europe is 1 to 15, which is 6 times different. Even if they cannot make direct flights, Arab merchants must make a large profit in the middle. The Indian copper imported by the Venetians does not exceed half the price of European copper.

Therefore, using cheap copper mint imported from Asia, even if it does not make a profit, it can earn at least double the profit only on materials. This is the secret of Venice ’s need to cast copper coins. After all, Venetians and Asia trade frequently, knowing the huge copper price difference between Asia and Europe.

And this time, Marin also intends to apply the "money capability" to Italy ...

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Venice, as the richest state in Italy, their behavior is obviously imitated by other states. The Kingdom of Naples, for example, began casting copper coins early, almost in sync with Venice. And powerful nations such as the Principality of Milan have also begun to cast copper coins to facilitate private small-scale trade.

In addition, apart from Italy, only two Iberian countries in Spain and Portugal also use copper coins. The Spaniard, following Marin, used cheap Indian copper and minted Malawi copper coins, and made a lot of coin profit, which is much more profitable than the Venetian copper coin. After all, Spain can purchase cheap copper directly from India without going through Arab middlemen, and the cost is much lower than the Venetian.

Therefore, this time, Marin intends to use the "money capabilities" to allow the Beihai Mint to add a group of workers and a screw-type coin press to build Italian copper coins and intend to make a fortune.

In this way, the cost of employing migrant workers in Italy can be recovered by casting Italian copper coins from cheap copper.

You know, Marin is not the only Indian channel to buy copper. Right now, Marin can buy cheaper red copper from Daming. On Daming's side, a pound of red cooked copper is worth 0.1 tael of silver. 1 catty equals 16 pairs, that is to say, one pair of silver can buy 160 pairs of red copper, the price is 1 to 160! This price is almost half of India's copper price!

Marin cast Italian copper coins from the red copper imported by Daming, which is simply huge profits!

Moreover, it should be pointed out that Italy itself has many privately forged "black money". The so-called "black money" mainly refers to privately forged money. Generally speaking, privately-forged money is mostly lacking in weight, and it belongs to “fake money”. For example, the Marin-made French Dnière “silver coin” is an uncompromising amount of “fake money”. However, "fake money must be forged privately, not all forged money".

What Marin wants to do this time is to cast high-quality red copper coins. While going to Italy to circulate money, it will not hinder the circulation of these "privately forged money" in Italy.

After all, Marin does not intend to be short of weight this time, but intends to use red copper. Moreover, Marin has a screw-type coin press, which is very convenient for casting copper coins.

The characteristic of copper is that it becomes soft at high temperature, and the characters and patterns on the copper coins can only be beaten when the copper plate is red. Of course, this refers to the current coinage process in other European countries, excluding Marin ’s Beihai Mint.

Generally speaking, when copper coins are beaten by hand, the copper is often cooled and hardened, and the mint craftsmen often only beat out some characters and patterns. Therefore, at this time, it is necessary for the money craftsman to clamp the copper plate beaten halfway with an iron clip and throw it into a small tempering furnace to reheat it until it is red and soft. Then, clip out and continue to thump while hot.

Therefore, the normal manual beating of copper coins takes a long time, and it needs to be prepared for multiple tempering and heating. The cost is high and the output is low.

But with the screw-type coin press, it is different. As long as you prepare the red copper plate, throw it into the machine, and then turn the shaft, you can quickly emboss the text and patterns before the copper plate cools and hardens. And the quality is very high. A craftsman beats a copper coin, and the screw-type coin press has long pressed a dozen or twenty copper coins of better quality.

This is greater than the difference between casting gold and silver coins, because gold and silver are softer and do not need to be tempered multiple times. The copper coins, because of the need for multiple tempering, trouble casting. Therefore, current European countries generally refuse to mint copper coins. Mainly, the difficulty of casting is too great.

Only the Italian states and Spain and Portugal have a way to get very cheap copper to ensure that the profit of minting coins is very high.

What Marin needs to do is to "cast money" for a batch of low-cost Italian copper coins. Use good quality to open the Italian market. At the same time, it also makes huge profits from Italy.

Italy's own "privately forged money" situation is very serious, so Marin is not worried about being noticed. Of course, the "privately minted money" of the Italian copper coins he minted will not be directly sent to the Italian migrant workers who came to work in Beihai. He intends to use the intelligence and commercial networks of the North Sea country in Italy to ship in low-key batches. Then, use the gold and silver coins exchanged for the panning to pay the wages of Italian migrant workers.

...

This is also a reappearance of Marin's "money capabilities", and, this time, Marin is not worried about the authenticity of the coins found. Because he does not work on materials, the copper coins he made are definitely "conscience money", and he is not afraid of being checked.

The only worry is that I am afraid of being caught by others and find fake money in French silver coins. Therefore, he decided to use low-key "money capabilities" to circulate money in Italy to recover the cost of employing a large number of migrant workers in Italy ...

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